About this Study

A broad range of research areas including Internet measurement, privacy, and network security rely on lists of target domains to be analysed; researchers make use of target lists for reasons of necessity or efficiency. The popular Alexa list of one million domains is a widely used example. Despite their prevalence in research papers, the soundness of top lists has seldom been questioned by the community: little is known about the lists' creation, representativity, potential biases, stability, or overlap between lists.

In this study we survey the extent, nature, and evolution of top lists used by research communities. We assess the structure and stability of these lists, and show that rank manipulation is possible for some lists. We also reproduce the results of several scientific studies to assess the impact of using a top list at all, which list specifically, and the date of list creation. We find that (i) top lists generally overestimate results compared to the general population by a significant margin, often even an order of magnitude, and (ii) some top lists have surprising change characteristics, causing high day-to-day fluctuation and leading to result instability.We conclude our paper with specific recommendations on the use of top lists, and how to interpret results based on top lists with caution.

Paper and Raw Data Download

Our paper has been accepted for IMC 2018.
You can obtain a preprint of our paper from arXiv.

Raw Data

We provide a historical and ongoing collection of top lists on an archive server.
The full dataset of scripts and raw data used for the publication is hosted at at the TUM Library.
Please cite this study when using the data.

Live Plots

Intersecting Base Domains between Lists

Script to create live plot

Day-to-Day Changes per List

Click and drag to zoom in. Hold down shift key to move (pan). Script to create live plot

Contact

scheitle [AT] net.in.tum.de

jelten [AT] net.in.tum.de

Partners and Measurement Data

Internet Measurement data for this study is based on RWTH Aachen's NetRay project and TUM's GINO project.